Human circadian rhythms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Human circadian rhythms - Essay Example The circadian cycle includes 24 hrs of the day. A person usually sleeps approximately 8 hrs and is awake for 16 hrs. Throughout the wakeful hours, mental and physical functions are most active and growth increases but during sleep, voluntary muscle activities fade away and metabolic rate, respiration, heart rate, body temperature, and blood pressure are reduced. The actions of the digestive system rise during the resting period, the activity of the urinary system decreases. It is evident that hormones secreted by the body, such as the stimulant epinephrine (adrenaline), are released to its maximum just two hours before awakening to prepare the body for activity (Encyclopedia Britannica). Hypothalamus is the chief control centre especially the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), part of the hypothalamus; it receives signals about light and dark from the retina of the eye. Cyclical fluctuations of melatonin are essential for maintaining a normal circadian rhythm. Induction of sleep is gener ated when melatonin binds to receptors in the SCN (Encyclopedia Britannica). An understanding for the biological rhythms is fundamental part towards the perception of all aspects of life including death (Edery, 2000). Physiologic diurnal variation in cardiovascular system, heart rate and cardiac output plays an imperative role in finding the epidemiology of fatal cardiovascular events in the early hours of morning (Dunlap, 1999). It is manifested that diurnal variations are attributed to environmental stimuli or any kind of increase in sympathetic activity (Dunlap, 1999). It is evident that many features of cardiovascular physiology and pathophysiology involve alterations in the expression of genes regulating metabolic and contractile function of the heart and vasculature (Edery, 2000). In order to maintain homogeneous conditions of the body, all the biological processes must be maintained within physiologic boundaries. Failure to achieve a specific

Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 6

Report - Essay Example Additionally, health education is offered to health care workers and patients so that treatment and care is offered appropriately for quick recovery. Health education will also facilitate in developing trust with physicians and treatments offered. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 1. Introduction and Rationale for the Study 5 2. Doppler Assessment - Background Information Regarding Doppler 6 2.1 Evidence in Support 6 6 2.2 Potential Disadvantages 7 7 2.3 Barriers to Implementation 7 3. Underpinning Policy 8 3.1 RCN 8 3.2 SIGN 8 3.3 CREST 9 3.4 Local Trust Policies 9 9 4. Health Education 10 4.1 Implications for the Patient 10 10 4.2 Secondary Intervention as Aids Treatment Decisions, How? 10 10 4.3 Implications for the Trust 10 5. Conclusions 11 5.1 Effective in Aiding Diagnosis 11 5.2 Limitations if used in Isolation 11 5.3 Risk of Misinterpretation 11 5.4 Referral for Vascular Assessment 12 6. Recommendations 12 6.1 Continue to use Doppler 12 6.2 Use in Conjunction with Leg Ulc er Assessment Tool 13 6.3 Ensure Programme of Education is Available for Staff 13 6.4 Ensure Patients Are Educated With Regard To Symptoms and When to Have Doppler Assessment 13 References 15 Bibliography 20 1. Introduction and Rationale for the Study Mrs. P has a wound in her legs for 4 weeks and there was no sign of heal with normal medication and care. On diagnosis by a vascular surgeon, it is identified that Mrs. P has leg ulceration. Moreover, Mrs. P should undertake other assessments with the intention of determining the type of leg ulcer and the factors accountable for this disease. The common health related problem amid the general population is leg ulcers. Leg ulcers are usually identified as wounds in the lower part of the legs. People with poor blood circulation or inappropriate working valves in the veins are the ones affected with leg ulcers. This disease is common in the adult population with age above 65 years. This disease is caused mainly due to certain factors incl uding obesity, smoking and diabetes. The disease takes a longer time to heal due to pathogenic factors in the infected area. Clinically it is identified that there are two types of leg ulcers, which include arterial ulcers and venous ulcers. Venous ulcers are common in leg ulceration. Venous ulcers are found in 1.2-3.2 rate of per 1000 people, which implies that around 70,000 to 190,000 people in the UK are suffering from this disease. The disease is required to be treated in an appropriate manner to minimise the risks associated with deteriorating wound conditions, harming the patients and delay in healing procedures (Posnett, 2008; Rippon & et. al., 2007). The common causes of leg ulcers are venous insufficiency, arterial occlusion, microcirculatory disorders, physical or chemical injury, infectious diseases, vasculitis, neuropathic diseases and haematological disorders among others. Heath care workers offering care and treatment to people with this disease must have adequate know ledge in relation to clinical picture, diagnostic possibilities, pathogenesis and treatment modalities about the causes of leg ulcers. Leg ulcers should be identified and treated suitably in its initial stage as later the risks increases leading to morbidity as along with impaired life quality. Additionally, cost of treatment and care in the initial stage is economical, but in the later stage of this disease cost has shown a considerable amount of rise of around ?200 million and $1 billion on an annual basis in the United Kingdom (UK) and United